48
Table 8. Testing the significance of the change in key variables among those who completed all
three assessments based on their level of engagement with the app
df Mean Square F Sig.
No
Interaction
Anxiety 2 (74) 0.63 (1.00) 0.63 0.53
Depression 2 (75) 0.65 (1.02) 0.64 0.53
Loneliness
(UCLA)
2 (74) 0.62 (1.28) 0.48 0.62
Loneliness
(Howatt)
2 (74) 3.83 (1.21) 3.17 0.05*
Perceived
Isolation
2 (73) 0.27 (0.84) 0.32 0.72
Minimal
Interaction
Anxiety 2 (57) 2.15 (0.91) 2.36 0.10
Depression 2 (58) 2.44 (0.98) 2.49 0.09
Loneliness
(UCLA)
2 (57) 1.34 (0.85) 1.57 0.21
Loneliness
(Howatt)
2 (59) 4.52 (0.75) 6.45 0.00**
Perceived
Isolation
2 (56) 0.82 (1.16) 0.70 0.49
Meaningful
Interaction
Anxiety 2 (58) 0.44 (3.37) 0.13 0.88
Depression 2 (59) 0.11 (1.32) 0.09 0.92
Loneliness
(UCLA)
2 (58) 0.46 (0.28) 1.64 0.27
Loneliness
(Howatt)
2 (57) 0.16 (0.67) 0.25 0.79
Perceived
Isolation
2 (57) 0.34 (0.76) 0.44 0.67
Note. *: the change between time 1 and time 3 was significant (p = 0.04) **: the change between
time 1 and time 3 was significant (p = 0.002)
